| 本文是应Piers Warren（英国国际野生动物纪录片学校、野生动物纪录片新闻组创始人、《带上摄像机去野外》的作者）先生之约，为即将于2011年秋天出版的新书《Wildlife Film-making: Looking to the Future 》所做的一篇短文，探讨10年来野生动物纪录片工业的过去、现在和未来，在这里先和大家分享。希望能对促进中国野生动物纪录片的发展起到微不足道的推动作用。
中国在自然历史影片领域可以和世界同步吗？
作者：徐健/影像生物多样性调查所（IBE）2011.6
作品：《美丽中国》（BBC NHU-CTV 2008）
《石渠高原的生物多样性》（FFI&IBE 2010）
《探秘雅鲁藏布大峡谷》（IBE 2010）
我认为未来10年也许是中国可以追上国际一流自然历史影片制作水平的一个机会时期，因为技术和市场条件发生了显著变化。但几个关键条件：创新性的可持续商业模式、专业而稳定制作团队、优秀的领导者，缺一不可。不然，中国还是只能充当这一领域的看客。
中国电视观众第一次观看到西方的自然历史纪录片是从1981年12月31日在CCTV开播的《动物世界》节目（这个节目大约已经在10年前停播，转而变化为其它更多类似节目），当时这些大多来自BBC NHU制作精良并有CCTV动人中文配音的节目，深深打动了无数中国观众——我也是其中之一。1998年，在北京举行的“国际自然电影周”上，我第一次在大银幕上观看到一批当时最优秀的自然历史纪录片（其中包括修·米勒斯制作的《安第斯山的美洲狮》），它们给我留下极深印象，并让我下决心制作中国的优秀自然历史纪录片。
2000年我作为自然历史编辑开始在《中国国家地理》杂志工作；2002年我和奚志农老师一起创办“野性中国”（Wild China Film）；2006年我为BBC NHU的《美丽中国》节目组工作，是节目的主要调研员。从2008年至今，我创建“影像生物多样性调查所（IBE）”，为中国的保护NGO、自然保护区、国家公园、地方政府等制作自然历史影片和图片专辑。2009年我翻译并出版了由Piers Warren原著的《带上摄像机去野外——怎样制作野生动物纪录片》，这是第一本介绍怎样制作野生动物纪录片的中文书籍。
近10年来，中国观众可以看到的自然历史节目（多来自BBC、NG、Discovery、ABC、NHNZ、NHK等）非常非常多，其主要原因是中国的电视台可以很便宜的获得其播出权，其年引进数量我估计为：300小时/年。正是由于这些节目的大量存在使得中国观众对非洲大象的了解远远超过了大熊猫。而另一方面，中国生产的介绍本土自然历史的节目又非常之少而且质量不佳。我估计中国各电视台生产的自然历史节目总产量为：100小时/年，其中绝大多数为主持人演播室解说+部分外拍的形式，内容多为猎奇性，缺少视觉冲击力、科学性、自然关怀。而较优秀的、制作成本较高的“纯”自然历史节目产量很低，我估计为：5小时/5年。而且这些影片的投资多数来自政府的特别投入，缺少成功的商业模式，因此有不可持续和不稳定性。由于缺少成功的可持续经营模式，也使得中国的自然历史影片行业非常缺少专业的制作团队，目前的主要从业者和主创人员多数缺少生物学背景，他们大多从制作人文和新闻类节目转行而来。
过去10年中，这个行业已经从过去的超16mm胶片制作技术转换为高清数码拍摄和制作技术。我想：今后10年里，前期拍摄和后期播出技术将发展得更加快速。拍摄技术将变得更加便宜、优质、方便；播出技术和渠道将变得更加多样化。但无论怎样，我们还是不得不看到，高质量的、极具震撼力的自然历史影片作品仍然需要：高投资、较长周期、极富制作经验的团队。因此我认为：未来10年里，那些主流的优质自然历史影片仍然将是少数富有制作经验的大公司作品，但前提是它们建立了符合新技术和市场条件下的新成功商业模式。小公司、小制作的作品，一定会更加个性化，由于拍摄技术的播出平台的进步，它们应该能分到比现在更多的市场份额。
我对行业的忠告是给中国的：未来10年也许是我们可以迎头追上国际一流自然历史影片制作水平的一个机会时期，因为技术和市场条件发生了显著变化，但这需要几个关键条件：创新性的可持续商业模式、专业而且稳定制作团队、有魄力而且能力足够的领导者。
机构简介：
影像生物多样性调查所（IBE）2008年创办于北京，其宗旨是记录、传播和保护中国的生物多样性（尤其是在它们正处于快速变化和消失的背景下）。IBE由一群中国最有活力的年轻自然历史摄影师、自然纪录片制作人、自然设计师、保护工作者共同创建。从2008年到2011年6月，IBE已在中国9个生物多样性热点地区开展了16次影像生物多样性调查。产出的大量图片专辑、纪录片、科学报告、保护建议书，正在为这些地区的自然保护发挥着不可替代的作用。
联系方式：
徐健
地址：北京朝阳望京园603楼C座302 影像生物多样性调查所（IBE）
电话：010-64777035
邮件：xujian@IBEwildlife.com 或 jacksonxuphoto@gmail.com
即将于2011年秋天出版的新书《Wildlife Film-making: Looking to the Future 》封面
Chinese Wildlife Film-making is likely to catch the pace of the world?
Author: Jackson Xu
Images Biodiversity Expedition Ins. 2011.6
Productions: Wild China (BBC NHU 2008)
Biodiversity of Shiqu highland (FFI&IBE 2010)
Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Quest (IBE 2010)
I think may be there is a chance for China in 10 years to catch the pace of the world in the wildlife film-making area, with the development of technology and market, but some conditions are necessary; those are innovative sustainable business model, professional and stable production team, and excellent leader. If miss any of them, China could only act as audience in this area.
In China, people started to watch the wildlife film through Animal World of CCTV (China Central Television) from 31st Dec. 1981 (This TV programme was stop about 10 years ago, and was changed to other form). This TV Programme contained mostly works from BBC NHU and gave a lot of moves to Chinese people, including me. In1998, an International Nature Film Week was launched in Beijing. I had a chance to see lot of very excellent nature history documentaries including Hugh Miles’s Puma Lion of the Andes. They gave me very deep impression, and let me to determine to join the wildlife film-making in China. Then I worked as nature history editor in Chinese National Geography magazine from 2000 to 2006, worked as Chief Researcher in BBC NHU Wild China programme in 2006, at the meantime, I participated to establish Wild China Film studio with Mr. Xi Zhinong. I took lead to establish Images Biodiversity Expedition Ins. in 2008, to produce the picture album and nature history film for Chinese nature reserve, National Park, government and NGO. In 2009, I translated the Piers Warren’s book Go Wild with Your Camcorder-How to make wildlife film, it became the first book of introduction to wildlife film making in China.
Nearly ten years, Chinese audiences have seen a lot of wildlife film on TV (Most of them was produced by BBC, NG, Discovery, ABC, NHNZ, NHK), the main reason was TV station got the broadcast right with relative low price, I estimate the amount of introduction was 300 hours per year. Another reason was China had produced few good native documentaries about nature. I estimated the amount of products from all TV stations in China was about 100 hours per year, the form normally was hosting in studio plus story in the field, the content mostly was novelty seeking, lack of visual impact, scientificity and care for nature. Based on that, Chinese audiences have known the Africa elephant well far more than Giant panda. There were still some relative good native products, but the amount was very low, about 5 hours per year and with high cost. Most of them got government special input, without successful business model, and became unsustainable and unstable. Because of lack of successful sustainable business model, Chinese wildlife film-making industry still has not stable professional production team. Some teams have strong humanistic documentary and news programme experience, but have not enough biology background.
In the past ten years, this industry changed from 16mm films to HD technology. It will get bigger development in the future. Shooting will get lower cost and convenient and later broadcast technology and approach will become more diversity. But no matter the changes, I think the high quality and extremely powerful wildlife film still need high input, long term of production, and experienced team. So in the coming ten year, main high quality films still will come from some big experienced companies, in case they still could take lead to establish the new successful business model to match the developing technology. But, at the same time, small scale company and low input project should be able to distribute than now more market share, with their strong individuation.
What my hope and advice to this industry in China: in next 10 years we could perhaps have chance to catch the pace of the world in the wildlife film making area, because the technology and market condition varied significantly, but this need several key conditions: innovative sustainable business model, professional and stable production team, and energy and ability enough leaders.
Brief introduction to IBE
Images Biodiversity Expedition Ins.(IBE) was founded in 2008, Beijing. The objective of the studio is recording, spreading and protecting the biodiversity of China, in the background of the biodiversity quickly disappearing in China. IBE consist of a group of Chinese active young wildlife photographers, wildlife film-makers, eco-designers, conservationists. They have done 16 expeditions in 9 biodiversity key areas of China from 2008 to June 2011. Outputs were lots of biodiversity picture albums, documentaries, expedition reports, conservation recommendation reports.
Contact information:
Jackson Xu
Tel: +86-10-64777035
Add: Images Biodiversity Expedition Ins.
Youlehui C-3001,WangJingYuan 603,Chaoyang district, Beijing, China 100102
Email: xujian@IBEwildlife.com or jacksonxuphoto@gmail.com |
